Discuss Quasi-Experimental Designs Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Talk about Quasi-Experimental Designs - Coursework Example Numerous gauge configuration contrasts from an inversion plan in that the various standard structure quantifies different factors preceding and after a treatment while an inversion configuration (otherwise called ABAB configuration) is a sort of single-case test plan which can just quantify a solitary case. Also, in Multiple-standard structure, treatment is frequently acquainted with a various number of individuals at various stretches. Semi tests have various points of interest just as possible shortcomings. A portion of the significant focal points of semi tests incorporate more noteworthy legitimacy (as it includes all the more certifiable conditions) and fundamentally substantially more achievability given strategic and time limitations (Trochim and Donnelly, 2008). Then again, the shortcomings of semi tests incorporate less controlled factors, and absence of haphazardness. The nonappearance of randomization is a key shortcoming as it can prompt more fragile proof by making. This shortcoming doesn't generally make a difference as long as it is perceived as semi try offers an incredible research apparatus particularly in regions where genuine investigations may not be possible. Indeed, when members are haphazardly alloted to gatherings, it is expected that the gatherings are proportional toward the start of the examination. This is especially credited to the irregularity of the choice. Be that as it may, the members in the long run got nonequivalent toward the end due to the researcher’s absence of power over the chose members for ach gathering. This might be unraveled by utilizing pretests and covariance test structures. The specific results of a given report can be utilized to adequately propose that a danger is probably going to have been available incorporate covariation, worldly priority just as the nearness of other conceivable elective clarification for the examination results may uncover a danger to the legitimacy of the exploration. a. Non-proportionate benchmark group pretest just: Involves looking at the treatment and examination

Karl Marx - The Victory of the Proletariat and the Fall of the Bourgeoi

Karl Marx - The Victory of the Proletariat and the Fall of the Bourgeoisie In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx composes of the low class common laborers very nearly unrest because of the mind-boggling mistreatment executed by the bourgeoisie. Marx spreads out an arrangement of steps, which show the happening to the upheaval, a transformation caused significantly by the activities of the bourgeoisie. As the bourgeoisie continually structure better approaches to upset creation, they constantly push toward a result wherein the average workers finds its mistreatment and goes to the main methods for change conceivable, a total transformation. Marx initially talks about the need for the bourgeoisie to upset instruments of creation, an activity important to help their own benefit. The proprietors, who ceaselessly â€Å"resolve individual worth into trade value,† (p. 828) endeavor to determine new types of creation to limit the â€Å"callous ‘cash payment’† owed to their laborers so as to boost the overflow of creation. This at last prompts an incredible disassociation between the workers and their item. In Alienated Labor, Marx portrays the specialist as â€Å"poorer the more riches he creates, the more his creation increments in influence and extent,† (p. 791). Since the bourgeoisie without a doubt wish to amplify the riches created by the worker, their activities unavoidably lead to the underestimation of the regular workers. Scanning for less expensive, increasingly viable methods for creation, the non-laborers track down crude material from remote zones, develop new advances for creatio n, and for the most part separate specialists from their own manifestations. In these manners, the bourgeoisie obviously change the relations of creation. As Marx said in Alien... .... They have uncovered the universe of treachery to the low class, who will blast in half the states of the occasions in another upset that will stop the average. In the cutting edge mechanical time of Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie ceaselessly reform the instruments of creation, changing relations of creation, and in particular, the relationship of people to the remainder of society. In this changing, the bourgeoisie produce more prominent surpluses, yet in addition their own undertakers, distancing the class that will revolt to recover their individual ways of life as people. For Marx, this change requires just time, and as the low class understand the shameful acts of their situations in the public arena, they will start to perceive the need for insurgency. The triumph of the low class and the fall of the bourgeoisie are similarly unavoidable.

Resume Tips Part 1 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume

Resume Tips Part 1 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume When I review resumes I find many commonly used words and phrases that are either outright erroneous or simply useless on a resume. I hope this short series of resume tips will decrease the appearance of these words on resumes throughout the job-hunting market. Words to delete from your resume: Various, variety, etc. 1. Various (or “a variety of”). Compare: a. Performed legal research and wrote memoranda and briefs on various civil procedural and substantive issues. b. Performed legal research and wrote memoranda and briefs on civil procedural and substantive issues, including unconscionability, issue preclusion and equitable estoppel. Version a. leaves us with nothing to grab on to. The candidate in version b. sounds a lot more interesting doesn’t she? The trick is to list the actual things that constitute the variety. Variety on its own doesnt tell us much. I acknowledge that there might be exceptions to this rule. Sometimes it does work to use the word “various” or “variety.” My recommendation is to take it out and see if the bullet works better. It probably will. Please report back what you discover. 2. Etc. “Etc.” is just a variation on various. Example: a. Managed, developed, and supervised programmatic activities that reduce recidivism through individual counseling, mentoring, family supportive counseling, girls empowerment groups, life skills classes, leadership workshops, etc. This list is long enough. What could possibly be added by adding “etc.” to the end of it? It just leaves the reader hanging. Make your list, put an “and’ before the last item, and add to it in your interview if necessary. You are welcome to precede your list with “including” or “such as.” OK now go look at your resume. Did you find various or etc.? Did you delete them? What was the impact? Share the results in the comments below. Hope you found these resume tips useful. For more resume writing assistance, check out  The Essay Experts Resume Writing Services.

The Elements Of Moral Philosophy - 919 Words

Friendship, as defined here, is a general term that means a mutual fondness for the sake of both parties. The moral attributes of both individuals are significant in a friendship. According to Aristotle in Nicomachean Ethics, â€Å"it is of these attributes that we were the friends†. What happens when these attributes change morally, though? Moral changes are when people alter the way they reason through decisions and how much they consider others while doing so. Is it ethical to abandon a genuine friendship due to a change in moral status, for better or worse, by either party? Aristotle reasonably argues that abandonment is, in necessary situations, a moral end to a friendship. If the members of a genuine friendship change morally, it is acceptable for them to depart from each other. Of course, this conclusion assumes that people can change themselves ethically and that people who are a part of a genuine friendship can end their relationship. In The Elements of Moral Philosophy, James Rachels provides a good definition of morality. Rachels was an American philosopher and wrote a number of respected books, making him an authority on this issue. He says that morality is, â€Å"the effort to guide one’s conduct by reason-that is, to do what there are the best reasons for doing-while giving equal weight to the interests of each individual who will be affected by what one does.† It is possible to change morally because one’s ability to reason through decisions and one’s consideration ofShow MoreRelatedThe Elements Of Moral Philosophy1407 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"The Elements of Moral Philosophy† James Rachels discusses the positives and negatives regarding the concept of cultural relativism, but his overall position is that cultural relativism is not a strong philosophy. On the flip side of that Immanuel Kant has a completely different ethical theory that is based around deontology. De spite its positives, cultural relativism cannot be defended against Rachels’ criticism, but Kant’s ethical theory cannot necessarily defeat cultural relativism eitherRead MoreThe Element Of Moral Philosophy By James Rachels1161 Words   |  5 Pages In the book, â€Å"The Element of Moral Philosophy†, James Rachels explores the several criticisms of Utilitarianism. In this essay, I will touch on these criticisms, outlining the major implications they propose to Utilitarianism. I will also explain why many of the notions proposed against Utilitarianism are self-serving, and instead serve to improve the general good of a minority population, which contradicts the Utilitarian theory of equating moral aptitude to the general good of a majority populationRead MoreIn James Rachels’ Book, The Elements Of Moral Philosophy,780 Words   |  4 PagesIn James Rachels’ book, The Elements of Moral Philosophy, he explains many things in the ninth chapter. He ma de statement about philosopher who decided the absolute moral rules. It explains in the beginning, there’s no definite answer for moral rules. Again, it’s about belief, cultural, tradition etc. Truman decision of dropping the bomb created conflict, some disagree and others agree. Categorical imperative and hypothetical imperative are explained with Kant’s conceptive on lying. His argumentRead MoreIn James Rachels’ Book, The Element Of Moral Philosophy,858 Words   |  4 PagesIn James Rachels’ book, the Element of Moral Philosophy, he made interesting point in the fourth chapter. He points out the similarities and differences between morality and religion. Mostly, when thought about morals, religion is mention. Religion is almost all about morals. Directing what is wrong and right. Divine Command Theory is morality relationship between God (gods) and the people. God (gods) orders the meaning of good and the bad. People need to follow the rules to receive blessings fromRead MoreLogic, Metaphysics, Epistemology, And The Value Theory1244 Words   |  5 PagesA1.) The four main divisions in Philosophy are: logic, metaphysics, epistemology, and the value theory. †¢ The division of logic is essentially the division in which all reasoning of our knowledges is deemed correct. Logic focuses on arguments within reasoning and accounts for which arguments will be successful and which arguments will fail. The special subject of logic is the breakdown of the the three Laws of Thought: the law of identity, the law of contradiction, and the law of the excludedRead MorePhilosophy : The Fundamental Nature Of Knowledge1461 Words   |  6 Pages Philosophy in my perspective is a study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, existence and the theory or attitude acting as a guiding principle for behaviour. The understanding that, philosophy is not just about a deep expression of our wonders and the search for knowledge is false from my views. Philosophy broadens our imagination and allows individuals to engage, analyse and criticize the wider world. Individuals have different thoughts, values reasons and method of communication suchRead MoreComparing David Hume and Immanuel Kant Essay1356 Words   |  6 Pagesfor a man to recognize his moral duty. Although Hume and Kant shared some basic principals they differed on their view of morality. In comparing the different views on human will and the maxims established to determine moral worth by David Hume and Immanuel Kant, I find their theories on morality have some merit although limited in view. Hume and Kant shared some basic principle of empiricism, but each took different directions on the theory of morality. The moral theory of Hume was based onRead MorePlato and Platipus1186 Words   |  5 PagesIt is normal to underestimate the power of philosophy. It is a social science that has lost influence in the 21st Century because many do not understand how this science can help humans achieve true happiness. Though philosophy is a heavy subject, it is the science with the most results regarding human nature and knowledge. Philosophy offers guidance to understand human behavior as well as to question our presence and our real role in society. It is one of the leading social sciences because manyRead MoreHistorical Developments in Philosophy Essay1189 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Philosophy Matrix | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Read MoreCompare And Contrast Philo And Plato1615 Words   |  7 PagesOpposite Philosophies The Greek philosopher Aristotle once said, â€Å"Plato is dear to me, but dearer still is truth.† Plato, who was also a philosopher, was Aristotle’s teacher. Aristotle thought highly of Plato and respected him. However, as Aristotle’s wisdom grew, he started to question and even disagree with the concepts Plato taught him. This is why Aristotle wrote that he admires and respects Plato, but admires and respects the truth more. Aristotle started to develop his own philosophies, views

So Much Water So At Home By Carver - 1332 Words

In â€Å"So Much Water So Close to Home†, Carver creates a story describing the disparity of power between genders, focusing especially on a female perspective to allow us to understand how the protagonist Claire is feeling throughout the situation with a rape victim, Susan Miller. Through her viewpoint, we witness events and feelings that even Claire’s own husband does not realize, and also some feelings that Claire herself does not fully comprehend. These characteristics help shape the text and establishes gendered modes of experiencing the world. As a whole, â€Å"So Much Water So Close to Home† exhibits how women during Claire’s time were more prone to gendered imbalances both in a relationship and society. As soon as Claire heard about†¦show more content†¦Perhaps all of these tragic incidents of girls dying activated an empathetic response in Claire, highlighting how helpless she feels in her community and maybe even home. As a result, Clair e reminds us to always respect and the remember the dead because if not, it means the deaths of the girls would have been a waste and we allow such monstrous behavior to proceed unfettered. Seeing everything through Claire’s perspective also highlights the high vulnerability and wariness that women feel almost everywhere during the time period. During the exchange between the truck driver and Claire, he says â€Å"You know it’s no good for a woman to be batting around the country by herself† insinuating that women are less capable of driving (Carver 189). Claire is also seen as just an object, with the truck driver blatantly looking â€Å"at my breasts and legs† with no respect whatsoever (Carver 189). Claire just freezes up with fear, explaining how gender inequality still remains a prevalent issue during that time period. Even with her husband Stuart, the object of hands comes up multiple times throughout the short story as Stuart repeatedly tries to à ¢â‚¬Å"come up behind and touches my arm. His fingers burn† (Carver 183). He almost expects Claire to agree with his sexual advances whenever he wants, becoming angry when she refused. The hands presumably reminded her of the victim Susan Miller because she thinks Stuart touched the bodyShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Raymond Carver s So Much Water So At Home 1681 Words   |  7 PagesIntro: Raymond Carver’s short story So Much Water So Close to Home (2003) had the temporal setting within the American 1970’s, during the time when there was mass hysteria of serial killings. Carver’s plot took advantage of the hysteria of the 1970’s to set up the theme of serial killings within the hypotext. Juxtaposingly, Ray Lawrence adapted Carver’s short story (2006) and transformed it into the hyper Australian gothic film Jindabyne. Juxtaposed to the hypotext that [focused] on the serial killingsRead MoreSo Much Water so Close to Home1493 Words   |  6 PagesJordan Williams Sara Howe English 101 17 September 2010 â€Å"So Much Water So Close To Home† In So Much Water So Close To Home, Raymond Carver explores the hardships that society brings upon us by using dialogue and character development to reveal that men and women alike have difficulty reconciling the differences in ethical and moral values. Carver is able to do this by relating to topics that demonstrate the character’s difference in morality. These include such things as death, gender stereotypesRead MoreAn Analysis Of So Much Water So Close At Home 924 Words   |  4 PagesIn Carver’s short story, â€Å"So Much Water So Close to Home,† three men go to Naches River for a fishing trip and encounter a dead young woman in the river. Aware that the corpse is in the river, they continue on with their fishing trip, not reporting it until they travel back home. Carver illustrates the story through the eyes of Claire, the wife of the fisher. Carver depicts the differences in male and female roles of a marriage and their psychological similarities, associa ted with why there was aRead MoreIt’S Interesting How Everyone Has A Differing And Personal1659 Words   |  7 Pageshave as human beings. At some points in our life we will all experience love whether it’s for a human being or maybe just for your dog. Why is this question so hard to answer? I perceive love in a positive way but on the other hand Raymond perceives love differently. That’s okay because we all have different definitions. Throughout Raymond Carvers short stories he uses disconnection, distrust, and doubt to portray the idea that bad relationships and negative emotions can lead to misconceptions aboutRead MoreEssay about Raymond Carvers Cathedral1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe husband in Raymond Carvers â€Å"Cathedral† wasn’t enthusiastic about his wife’s old friend, whom was a blind man coming over to spend the night with them. His wife had kept in touch with the blind man since she worked for him in Seattle years ago. He did n’t know the blind man; he only heard tapes and stories about him. The man being blind bothered him, â€Å"My idea of blindness came from the movies. In the movies, the blind moved slowly and never laughed. Sometimes they were led by seeing-eye dogs. ARead More`` Popular Mechanics `` By Raymond Carver1617 Words   |  7 PagesJosaiah Thomas Professor Tittle ENGWR 303-104 6 July 2015 Essay #2 In the short story, â€Å"Popular Mechanics,† by Raymond Carver, starts with a short rise in action through the introduction of the characters, setting, and plot. The short story has a face paced touch, which moves quickly towards the climax and released the resolution right after. The short story was narrated in third person in order to reveal the actions and the dialogue between a man and a woman which expressed separation, struggleRead MoreGender and Identity in Raymond Carvers so Much Water, so Close to Home1088 Words   |  5 PagesMen are from Mars, women are from Venus. Weve all heard the saying, but what does it mean? We are different, that goes without saying. As evidenced in Raymond Carvers So Much Water, So Close to Home, men and women differ on many key issues of morality, perception, and judgment. The two do have something in common, believe it or not, and that is the expectation of the opposite gender to communicate, think, and react in the exact way they do. Hence, frustration. Not with themselves, God forbidRead MoreExistentialism, By Albert Camus, Raymond Carvers, Short Cuts And Woody Allen s Movie, Crimes And1440 Words   |  6 PagesAfter all, the Choice is Yours Existentialism is a humanism, sure, if one were so inclined, since after all it is ones’ choice to choose if they are a true existentialist. Any and all human philosophies can be used as a guide to ones’ path in life in their own morality, however, until it becomes inconvenient then it is tolerable to deviate off ones’ path to make it work for themselves. The basic foundation of existentialism is, existence precedes essence and there can be no human nature if thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Raymond Carver s Popular Mechanics 1194 Words   |  5 Pagesthereof. While the story was written a while ago I believe it still connects with our lack of communication with one another. Rather than communicating to fix our issues or at least attempt to we as people tend to take the effortless way out or maybe not so easy, but the quicker way out. The male character seemingly runs from whatever the issue is at hand. If neither of them wanted to lose their child they could have eas ily talked it out or at least devised a plan to avoid such a large fuss. However, theyRead MoreAlcohol Ruins Lives: as Shown by Raymond Carver’s Short Stories2226 Words   |  9 PagesAlcohol Ruins Lives: As Shown By Raymond Carver’s Short Stories What We Talk About When We Talk About Love is a collection of short stories by Raymond Carver. Named â€Å"One of the true contemporary masters,† by Robert Towers of The New York Times Review of Books, Carver creates fiction that opens the reader’s eyes to a seldom spoken of, but all too real, part of American life. Alcoholism, and its ability to destroy families and escalate domestic disputes into violence, was a common theme throughout

Use of Social Media in Promoting Stakeholder Free Essays

string(69) " Community media constitute a hybrid of industrial and social media\." USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN PROMOTING STAKEHOLDER RELATIONS IN THE EDUCATIONAL SECTOR DEFINITION OF SOCIAL MEDIA Social media has rapidly integrated itself into our everyday lives, both personal and professional, and it’s perhaps had no greater impact than on the world of marketing, with consumers and brands seeing enormous benefits and changes. Social media literally means interactive platforms through which individuals and communities create and share user-generated contents. Social media are social software which mediates human communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Use of Social Media in Promoting Stakeholder or any similar topic only for you Order Now When the technologies are in place, social media is ubiquitously accessible and enabled by scalable communication techniques. In the year 2012, social media became one of the most powerful sources for news updates through platforms such as Twitter and Facebook (Kietzmann et al. 2011). Social media technologies take on different forms including magazines, Internet forums, weblogs, social blogs, microblogging, wikis, social networks, podcasts, photographs or pictures, video, rating and social bookmarking. Social media can be classified into six different types: collaborative projects (for example, Wikipedia), blogs and microblogs (for example, Twitter), content communities (for example, YouTube), social networking sites (for example, Facebook), virtual game worlds (e. g. , World of War craft), and virtual social worlds (e. g. Second Life). Technologies include: blogs, picture-sharing, vlogs, wall-postings, email, instant messaging, music-sharing, crowdsourcing and voice over IP, to name a few (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). Many of these social media services can be integrated via social network aggregation platforms. Social media network websites include sites like Flickr, Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Bebo and MySpace. Social media applications used on mobile devices are called mobile social media. In comparison to traditional social media running on computers, mobile social media display a higher location- and time-sensitivity. One can differentiate between four types of mobile social media applications (Kaplan, 2012), depending on whether the message takes account of the specific location of the user (location-sensitivity) and whether it is received and processed by the user instantaneously or with a time delay (time-sensitivity). . Space-timers (location and time sensitive): Exchange of messages with relevance for one specific location at one specific point-in time (e. g. , Facebook Places; Foursquare). 2. Space-locators (only location sensitive): Exchange of messages, with relevance for one specific location, which are tagged to a certain place and read later by others (e. g. , Yelp; Qype). 3. Quick-timers (only time sensitive): Transfer of traditional social media applications to mobile devices to increase immediacy (e. g. posting Twitter messages or Facebook status updates). 4. Slow-timers (neither location, nor time sensitive): Transfer of traditional social media applications to mobile devices (for example, watching a YouTube video or reading a Wikipedia entry). Mobile social media can also be used on the go when one is not near a personal computer, lap-top†¦ etc. With all the new devices that are arriving at our finger tips, gadgets such as tablets, ipods, phones, and many other new products, there is no use for sitting at home using ones PC. Mobile social media has made other sources of internet browsing obsolete and allows users to write, respond, and browse in real-time. A new medium of social networking – Instagram allow the world to interconnect and makes space and time much smaller than anyone can imagine. Instagram allows individuals to snap a photo wherever they may be and share it with the rest of the world instantly, delivering a social media site full of foreign accomplishments and strange scenarios. This feature was introduced by facebook and other existing social media sites, but instagram is the latest addition to the social media scene, and has made picture sharing an absolute must. Mobile social media is a relatively new function because it was just recently that mobile devices have access to the internet and the cloud (Kaplan, 2012). PURPOSES OF SOCIAL MEDIA The purpose of Social media can be explained its use in the area of businesses. Here, social media may be referred to as consumer-generated media (CGM). A common thread running through all definitions of social media is a blending of technology and social interaction for the co-creation of value. Generally, people obtain information, education, news and other data from electronic and print media. However, unlike industrial or traditional media, such as newspapers, television and film, social media shows its distinction as they are comparatively inexpensive and accessible to enable anyone, even private individuals to publish or access information. Industrial media on the other hand generally require significant resources o publish information. One characteristic shared by both social and industrial media is the capability to reach small or large audiences; for example, either a blog post or a television show may reach n people or millions of people. Some of the properties that help describe the differences between social and industrial media are in the aspect of reach, accessibility, usability, immediacy and permanence. (a) Reach: Bot h industrial and social media technologies provide scale and are capable of reaching a global audience. Industrial media, however, typically use a centralized framework for organization, production, and dissemination, whereas social media are by their very nature more decentralized, less hierarchical, and distinguished by multiple points of production and utility. (b) Accessibility: The means of production for industrial media are typically government and/or corporate (privately-owned). Social media tools are generally available to the public at little or no cost. (c) Usability: Industrial media production typically requires specialized skills and training. Conversely, most social media production requires only modest reinterpretation of existing skills; in theory, anyone with access can operate the means of social media production. (d) Immediacy: The time lag between communications produced by industrial media can be long (days, weeks, or even months) compared to social media (which can be capable of virtually instantaneous responses). However, as industrial media begins adopting aspects of production normally associated with social media tools, this feature may not prove distinctive over time. e) Permanence: Industrial media, once created, cannot be altered (once a magazine article is printed and distributed changes cannot be made to that same article) whereas social media can be altered almost instantaneously by comments or editing (Kietzmann et al. , 2011). Community media constitute a hybrid of industrial and social media. You read "Use of Social Media in Promoting Stakeholder" in category "Papers" Though community-owned, some comm unity radio, TV and newspapers are run by professionals and some by amateurs. They use both social and industrial media frameworks. Social media has also been recognized for the way in which it has changed how public relations professionals conduct their jobs. It has provided an open arena where people are free to exchange ideas on companies, brands and products. Social media provides an environment where users and PR professionals can converse, where PR professionals can promote their brand and improve their company’s image, by listening and responding to what the public is saying about their product. STAKEHOLDER RELATIONS IN THE EDUCATIONAL SECTOR The word- stakeholders simply means a person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organization’s actions, objectives and policies. Some examples of key stakeholders are creditors, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shareholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which the business draws its resources (Clarkson, 1995). In the educational sector, the major stakeholders comprise of the students, the funding (and managerial) bodies, the industry employers, the academics and the general public. Universities and colleges increasingly are using new communication technologies to produce innovative teaching methods, thus improving relationships with staff and students. Much of this innovation is centered on social media spaces and concepts. Many of the most significant social media tools are still very young but the concepts of social networking, online video, and blogging go back to the earliest days of the Internet. Indeed, educators and library professionals were quick to see the value of blogs as they appeared, partly as a mechanism to bypass complex or slow institutional website-updating processes. They are also a way to reach out, to share news and reflections with colleagues and students both within and beyond institutional walls. As the first social networking sites emerged, combining the functionality of bulletin boards with personal profiles and instant messaging tools, students were early adopters using the sites like FriendsReunited to maintain existing friendships and to establish personal support networks. Friendster extended the idea of what these spaces could do, and by the time Facebook launched (for those with university email addresses), students were well prepared to experiment, socialize, and share their networks online. Some librarians and academics followed students into these spaces, sharing practical information and trying these new forms of engagement. Now with the widespread use of tools and technologies like YouTube, Twitter, blogs, wikis and Facebook, social media is used for teaching in higher education (Kent and Taylor, 1998). Students remain ahead of social media users in various higher education groups. While many attribute this to generational factors, it is also true that students are more highly motivated by the need to find and bond with new peers and potential social groups. Many find participating in a new online space a relatively low stakes issue of experimenting and exploring the spaces that work for them, or that their friends use. Academic staff have been slower to find their feet, but the success of pioneering colleagues in communicating and engaging students in their work, or gaining professional advantage through social media spaces, has helped drive change and, in some cases institutional leadership. Rolling out blogging tools and support across the university has led to a creative, thoughtful, and lively culture of blogging within the university including a rapid turnover of very high quality content. A key strength of social media is the distributed model of connection, posting, and activity feeds that enables building an ongoing relationship with stakeholders through low stakes participation (Christ, 2005). Indeed the most common use of social media in higher education is as a means of amplifying existing events, publications and websites. Social media resources are often provided for passive use as information sources or teaching resources—perhaps an alert to an upcoming event, a blog post that directs the reader to formal academic literature, or a video that demonstrates a key technique or concept. A single action, such as sharing a link or viewing a Facebook page or Twitter profile, allows an individual to casually participate in a relationship with a higher education institution. From there individuals can also take active steps of clicking the â€Å"like† or â€Å"follow† or â€Å"subscribe to feed† button to receive regular updates and alerts, showing their interest in further dialog. This simple sharing functionality is very valuable, but the real benefits for higher education often come from more integration of social media with teaching and student support. Social media also provides the opportunity for communication, professional development and collaboration among members of teaching and research staff, information services staff and administrators. This communication can work well in closed institutional spaces (such as an intranet) but collaborating publicly on the web (for example, through blogs or Twitter) enables both local colleagues and broader peers to read and participate in discussions. The most important relationship for most educators and academic organizations is with their students, and social media can be a very active and responsive hannel for supporting and engaging with students. While email remains the key means of communication for most professionals in the education sector, students arrive into higher education with established social media presences and a culture of using Facebook Messages/Chat, text messages, and related tools (for example, InstantMessanger, BlackBerry Messenger, and Skype). These social media a nd mobile tools may be used by colleges and universities, but it is important to manage expectations: students need to know which channels they are required to use (likely to include email) and which channels are optional (such as a course Facebook group). They must also understand which spaces to use for official correspondence, assignment submission, or urgent queries. Staff cannot monitor all social media channels at all times, but endorsing spaces that enable peer support can help meet student needs outside of working hours. For part time and online courses, scheduling virtual evening tutorials or â€Å"office hours† can also provide a manageable and valued space for student support and participation. Social media can also enhance traditional in-person learning to great effect. For instance, the collaborative nature of wikis offers particular opportunities for innovative teaching practice. This process empowers students to take ownership and responsibility for their own learning and to build a productive peer community. It also alters the relationship and expectations that exist between staff and students from one-way teaching to an ongoing two-way process in both challenging and highly rewarding ways. For those learning on a part-time, distance, or flexible basis, it can be difficult to feel part of the educational community, to connect with peers whom you may see rarely or not see at all, and to form the types of social groups that enable peer support and friendship. Social media can help create a sense of community, of being among real people and, in some spaces (including virtual worlds), a real sense of embodiment. Some students feel more able to express themselves fully and confidently in online contexts, and for these students, social media provides a way to tie their more confident online selves with their real world identities. For others, social media is simply a route to avoid isolation. The participation of teaching and support staff in these spaces provides the opportunity to build richer relationships with learners, and to notice concerns, issues, or misunderstandings. These issues may not be easily or comfortably articulated in other teaching spaces, such as a more formal classroom or e-learning space. The beneficial possibilities of social media also bring potential risk, partly because any increased visibility brings with it greater exposure to vulnerability and the possibility of embarrassment or failure in a very public space. From an organizational and management perspective, the most significant benefits and the most notable risks arise from the democratizing nature of social media: when anyone can potentially create content there will, of course, be risks associated with loss of control. This can be tricky to negotiate because much of the appeal of social media is its formality, often tied to a sense of fun, transgression, and enjoyable anarchy. Educational organizations have a moral and legal responsibility to look after both staff and students, and to consider their safety and privacy. There are risks associated with encouraging staff and students to register for and share personal information with social media sites, particularly when requiring student participation as a course requirement. You must create a process for dealing with potential bullying or abusive behavior. Because social media necessitates faster, less formalized processes than traditional print or online media, it can be beneficial to create appropriate organizational policies, procedures, and guidelines. These policies must acknowledge both the risks and benefits of social media. It is important that the organization accepts and understands those guidelines. Outright bans on social media usage are rarely desirable or effective, and heavy restriction can push individuals – whether staff or student – to create more controversial or outspoken presences on a pseudonymous on anonymous basis. This reaction can both risk a negative impact on the organization, and mean that the organization misses officially recognized contributions from energized members of the community. The most successful social media guidelines and policies are encouraging and nurturing in tone, highlight good practice and clarify the appropriate use of these tools. They must also specify material that is not appropriate for sharing, and indicate some form of process for dealing with conflicts arising from social media interactions. Every higher education institution is different so it is important to both draw on others experience and tailor your guidelines or policies so that they are a good fit for your own organization’s needs and audience. Remember that the speed of social media development is such that no set of guidelines or policies will be definitive: they will need to be iterated over time and updated to reflect the changing social media and legal environment. Embedding social media into normal working practices can take time and effort, so it is important to consider the goals and desired outcome of that activity, whether that is easily measured (such as new admissions, achievement of funding goals) or something more amorphous (improved good will, better morale within an educational institution). It is also useful to consider collecting metrics (counts of tweets, comments received or more complex information) so that activity can be considered, reflected upon, and developed or discontinued as appropriate. Local hosting or restricted/private cloud hosting of social media tools can be an effective way to bring together social media functionality in a protected and trusted institutional space. Tools including IBM Connections, which act as a hosted suite of social media and business software tools, can be useful. Whether using a hosted or web-based social media tool, it is always useful to try any tool for a few weeks with colleagues or peers to identify problems or concerns before committing to a public (whether to your staff and/or students or the open web) social media presence. Planning suitable staff time and processes to create, maintain, monitor, and reflect upon social media presences helps to ensure that the presences are taken seriously and that involved staff feel a sense of ownership and responsibility in these new spaces. Blogs have become a central tool for academic research and for teaching and learning over the last five years. Many programs require students to blog reflectively on their progress throughout a course and submit this as graded work. These blogs provide a great space for reflection, for recording progress with academic readings and developing ideas, and for discussion with peers from the wider world. In schools, there are greater risks to address in terms of privacy and access to resources but there is also huge potential for innovation. The award winning â€Å"I’m a Scientist, Get me out of Here! initiative (Pontin, 2010) used a talent show format to connect practicing scientists with school children. Over the course of two weeks, social media tools such as YouTube and real-time chat tools enabled school children to ask any science question, which was then answered by a research scientist within 24 hours. The students voted for their favorite scientist throughout the show and the winning scientist won a small grant to further their research. It can be inspiring to look at what comparable schools, colleges, universities, or other educational organizations currently do. Increasingly, early adopters engaged teaching staff, and university marketing and communications departments are realizing the huge potential for the use of social media in education. There are substantial risks to consider, ones that require thoughtful management of expectations, the ongoing review of practice, and the surrounding legal and social context. Social media guidelines and policies are useful tools in supporting the use of social media in schools and colleges but these should not stifle creativity. Social media provides real opportunities for innovative and engaging practice with authenticity and informality, both notable features of successful social media in academia. YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY AND THE SOCIAL MEDIA Yaba College of Technology, founded in 1947, is Nigeria’s first higher educational institution. It is located in Yaba, Lagos state, Nigeria. The college is a center of culture and heritage. Currently it has a student enrollment of over 16,000. Today, Yaba College of Technology is made up of nine (9) academic units called Schools, headed by Deans, and thirty-four Departments headed by Heads of Departments. The main objective of the College, according to the decree that established it, is to provide full time and part-time courses of instruction and training in Technology, Commerce and Management. Also, the College provides training in other fields such as applied learning, relevant to the development of Nigeria especially in areas of Industry, Agricultural production and distribution, Research and adaptation of techniques. In pursuit of these objectives, the College has continued to develop structurally, humanly and materially. One of the ways in which the college has been able to establish this development is in its adoption of technological advancement by the use of the social media. Generally, Schools are on a short list of organizations that have been notoriously slow to adopt emerging technology but within the last few years, as social media becomes more integral to students’ lives, educational institutions are finally catching on, and catching up. On speaking with the Heads and representatives of information (communications) technology unit of he Yaba College of Technology, they all shared their views on the extent to which the Social media has promoted stakeholder relations in the college. Dr. Oyeyinka, Director of Centre for Information and Technology Management (CITM) explained that the Social media is being used and has made a great impact in the institution. For further information, Dr. Oyeyinka directed us to Mr. Popoola Olusegun Lawrence, a representative of the Information Processing De partment. This was because Mrs. Koyenikan, the Head of the Information processing Department, was currently on leave. According to Mr. Popoola Olusegun Lawrence, who is in charge of students’ result as well as communication amongst the students and management of the institution, there are three different departments or units under CITM and they are- Information Processing Department (IPD), Hardware Software development amp; Training (HST) and the Volumetrics unit, a unit in charge of managing the college networks. These three units work together to take care of both the staff and student information. Mr. Popoola further explained that the use of Facebook in the department is more frequent although in some cases, Yahoo Messenger is also made use of. This choice of Social media tool is made, depending on the target publics and even in those cases; communication must have reached a certain level before usage of the social media that is, some sort of agreement must have been reached first and you must have established some kind of relationship with the stakeholders. One cannot just wake up one day and start communicating with stakeholders in a project that requires millions of naira. Doing that would place one at a huge risk. Therefore, one’s level of awareness comes to the forefront. For example, when the College through the Information Processing Department (IPD) needed to contact an organization that supply equipments used for the marking of Post UTME results, the decisions made had to change at a particular time and further communication was made through Facebook and Yahoo messenger from time to time. Later, after the equipments had been supplied, the college realized they needed the organization’s support and the organization was contacted again. This communication process via the social media was very effective and successful. In communicating with students however, Mr. Popoola continued by saying, mobile phones was made use of because the department has access to the phone lines of all students in the college. Moreover, not all students are computer literates or have access to the internet and in order to make sure all students were brought into the picture when giving out information that pertains to them, mobile phones was used in sending out bulk SMS. Within the staff, official matters are communicated through Facebook and twitter. This started just about a year ago. When communicating with other departments and faculties like the School of management studies for instance, the IPD sends messages through the group on Facebook created by some of these faculties and departments. If the Director of CITM (Centre for Information and Technology Management) – Dr. Oyeyinka wants to pass information to the Deans of various departments, he doesn’t need to go through CITM except when every member of staff needed to be communicated with. This is because CITM has the means of communicating with every staff at once. In emergency situations however, the use of mobile phones are used within staff because according to Mr. Popoola, it gets the information across faster. For instance in November, 2011, there was emergency information that needed to be passed to every staff where some details of the staff absent on the department’s database were urgently needed. This information was requested by the Ministry of Education and every staff needed to be aware of the developments within 24 hours. The use of Facebook, yahoo messenger and mobile phones were employed in disseminating this information. At the end of the day, it was realized that mobile phones were more effective. As regards to the use of Social media in times of crisis, Mr. Popoola claimed they had never experienced crisis but if they did, they probably would make use of mobile phones in disseminating the necessary information. Mr. Popoola believes that in years to come, probably in two to three years, the social media would be more effective but presently it was not as Nigeria as a whole is just getting to know the benefits of the social media. He explained that a good number of people are unaware of the importance of social media and some think it’s just used to paste portrait pictures or pictures of fashionable items like shoes, bags, etc. One of the barriers in the effectiveness of social media is in language barrier and the abuse of social networks. If people can get to understand the proper use of the social media, its effectiveness would increase. In the Volumetrics unit, the Head of Department – Mrs. Oyeyinka was said to be unavailable and we were directed to her representatives- the Head of the Networking Unit- Mrs. Christiana Olayinka and a member of the Volumetrics unit- Mr. Tunde Oke. Mrs. Christiana Olayinka, explained that their stakeholders are made up of the management, students and prospective students of the college. Her unit is majorly responsible in ensuring that internet links and facilities are made available to the students of the college. She further stated that social media has been of great benefit to the college and asides having an advantage of saving cost, it also allows you get feedback from the students i. e. allows a two-way communication. In the Networking unit, Twitter and Facebook are frequently used in disseminating information to students. Where management of the college is concerned, LinkedIn is made use of especially during management meetings and conferences. Linked in also allows for teleconferencing where even management abroad can partake in meetings held in Nigeria by Network connection. One can also view participants live as you communicate and exchange information with them. Terms such as audio conferencing, telephone conferencing and phone conferencing are sometimes used in teleconferencing. According to Mrs. Olayinka, the only crisis they have experienced thus far was some years back when there was a shift in the date of resumption at the college and the news had to be relayed. This information was then passed through Facebook, twitter and bulk SMS. Though twitter was fairly effective, Facebook was found to be more effective because of the larger number of students subscribed to it. Bulk SMS on the other hand, was found to be most effective. Mr. Tunde Oke, a member of the Volumetrics department stated that dissemination of information to stakeholders which comprise majorly of the students and staff of the college is carried out using the social media tools- Facebook, twitter and most recently, YouTube. In mid 2012, a group on Facebook was created by the Volumetrics department called YabaTechng and at the time checked, the group had over 9,052 likes. Through this medium on Facebook, information of interest to the college is posted. Only a few weeks ago, the Volumetrics department created some sort of mini TV called YabaTechTV via YouTube, a video sharing site and through this medium, documentaries about the college are shared. Within the short space of time since they started, the department has been able to upload their first documentary which aims at showcasing talents and facilities within the EPE Campus of the college. The 12 minutes documentary is tagged- ‘Documentary on Yaba Tech (Epe Campus)’ and has over 50 views already. They are currently working on their second documentary which they also plan uploading via YouTube. In conclusion, it is safe to say that social media has come to stay. In less than five years of its existence, social media has made a great impact in promoting stakeholder relations in the educational sector. It has revolutionized the way people communicate today and has spawned a new generation of communication in higher institutions. Social media presents a huge opportunity for schools, universities and other educational organizations to reach out and connect with students and prospective students. Now, the internet is no longer a one-way broadcast delivery system where the individual user downloads data, information and other resources produced by a relatively small number of content providers. Instead, the internet is now driven by and to some extent determined through the activities of its ordinary users—what has been described as many-to-many rather than one-to-many connectivity. The social web is therefore seen to be arranged along substantially different lines than the cyberspace-era internet of the 1990s and 2000s. This sense of internet use now being a participatory and collective activity is reflected in the language used to describe social media applications. Therefore, it is clear that social media gives more people a voice and provides a powerful tool for value creation and competitive differentiation. REFERENCES Christ, P. (2005). Internet technologies and trends transforming public relations. Journal of Website Promotion. 1(4): 3–14. Clarkson, M. B. E. 1995. A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance. Academy of Management Review. 20: 65-91. Hill, L. and White, C. (2000). Public relations practitioners’ perception of the World Wide Web as a communications tool. Public Relations Review. 26(1): 31–51. Kaplan, A. (2012) If you love something, let it go mobile: Mobile marketing and mobile social media 4Ãâ€"4, Business Horizons, 55(2): 129-139 Kaplan, A. and Haenlein, M. (2010). â€Å"Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. † Business Horizons 53(1): 59–68. Kent, M. and Taylor, M. (1998). Building dialogic relationships through theWorldWideWeb. Public Relations Review. 24(3): 321–334. Kietzmann, J. , Hermkens, K. , McCarthy, I. , and Silvestre, B. (2011). â€Å"Social media? Get serious! Understanding the functional building blocks of social media† (PDF). Business Horizons 54 (3): 241–251. doi:10. 1016/j. bushor. 2011. 01. 005. Retrieved September 17, 2012. Pontin, K. (2010). I’m a Scientist, Get me out of Here! Evaluation Interim Report. Gallomanor Communications Limited. Available from http://project. imascientist. org. uk/wp–? content/uploads/2010/11/Im–? a–? Scientist–? Interim–? Evaluation–? Report. pdf. YabaTechTV. (2012). Documentary on Yaba Tech (Epe Campus). Available from http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=g3keWhvSEIAamp;feature=youtu. beamp;a. GROUP 3 MEMBERS- YABA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (YABATECH) BABALOLA, ADEBUKUNOLA OLUWAYEMISI – 050803014 RAHEEM ADEFOLAYIGA . S. AKINDIPUPO AKINDELE ODUAH BALQIS OKAFOR EMEKA EDEMI JOY SISANMI AGUH OCHEZE How to cite Use of Social Media in Promoting Stakeholder, Papers

Use of Reversal Technique in Literature

Introduction The Nineteenth Century produced one of the greatest short story writers of all time. Key among these writers was Anton Pavlovich Chekhov and O’Henry whose mastery of the short story has continued to impress many even in the modern society. Although these writers hailed from different places, their stories followed almost the same style of writing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Use of Reversal Technique in Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On top of using simple and direct titles for their stories, these two writers had a way of changing the tone and expectation of both the readers and the characters while in the middle of their story. Chekhov’s Fat and Thin and O’Henry’s After Twenty Years are classic examples of short stories where the authors have expertly employed the use of the reversal technique. This essay compares and contrasts the use of this technique by the two writers and examines how it affects the ending of the story. Fat and Thin is a story of two old classmates who unexpectedly meet at a railway station. The two, one thin and the other fat used to be good friends while in high school. The writer tells us that the fat man smelt of sherry and fleur d’orange, which was a type of expensive perfume. On the other hand, the thin man smelt of ham and coffee grounds, which could have been termed as the common food for ordinary citizens. Upon meeting, the two friends kiss each other demonstrating how they had missed each other. Immediately after this, the thin man begins bragging of the numerous achievements that he has attained in the course of his life. He begins by telling the fat friend that he is still â€Å"as handsome as I used to be! Just as great a darling and a dandy!† (Chekhov) He then goes ahead to let his friend know that he married a member of the Lutheran Persuasion, which means he has married well accord ing to the Russian standards of that time. As if to assert his self-importance, the thin man reminds the fat one how they had nicknamed him Herostratus after the mad man who had burned the Temple of Artemis in 356 B.C. Without any prompting, the thin man lets the reader and the fat man know that he has now been promoted to the 8th grade, which is a big feat according to him. In his own assessment, he estimates the fat man to have reached the level of a civil councilor, which is a junior position. Upon learning that the fat man is now a privy councilor, the thin man â€Å"turns pale and rigid all at once.† This is to show that he had not expected the fat man to go that high. All at once, he looks at the fat man in reverence and even has to reintroduce his family. In a span of a few seconds, everything changes and even the thin man’s wife seems to have grown a â€Å"longer chin† in his eyes. (Chekhov) This technique is used in O’Henry’s story where t wo old friends are meeting after twenty years of being apart. In the story, the writer tells us that one of the friends, Bob, had gone West for search of a better life while Jimmy opted to remain in New York. As it is, Bob has traveled thousands of miles to ensure that he honors a date that was set twenty years before.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As he waits outside a hardware store, Bob notices a police officer walking down towards him. Without giving him a second glance, he tells the police officer that he is just waiting for an old friend. Unknown to him, the friend that he has been waiting for is the same police officer that he is talking to. Just like the thin man in Chekhov’s story, Bob begins to blab on how he had gone West in search of a better life and how Jimmy could not leave New York since â€Å"he thought it was the only place on earth.† As t he conversation between the two goes on, it emerges that the two could not maintain correspondence since the man from the West was busy hustling around and had no time to reply to his friend’s correspondence. When he is asked if he has done well in the West, the waiting man answers in the affirmative and quickly adds, â€Å"I hope Jimmy has done half as well. He was a kind of plodder.† (Porter)This is obvious bad mouthing and Jimmy does not take it lightly. By this time, the police officer has recognized the face of his old friend as that of the man being sought by the authorities and his disregard of their friendship makes him decide to turn him in. Unlike the fat man in Chekhov’s story who is untroubled by the thin man’s bragging, Jimmy does not like his friends egotism and this might be another reason why he decides to get him arrested. (Porter) In Chekhov’s story, the fat man is willing to take in the thin mans’ bragging but not his syco phancy. The writer tells us that the fat man was sickened by the â€Å"reverence, sugariness, and mawkish respectfulness† of the thin man. This makes the fat man to make an early exit to escape the drama. The same thing happens when Jimmy becomes tired of listening to his friend’s mockery of him. In both stories, there is a change of tone that gives a different direction to the story. This happens when the thin man notices that his friend has been successful more than him and when Bob comes to the realization that the Patrolman he had been talking to earlier was actually his old friend Jimmy. (Porter) In both stories, it is evident that the affected men were wishing that they had said less when they had the opportunity to speak. In Chekhov’s story, the thin man and his family are overwhelmed upon realizing that the man that they were belittling is actually a very senior man in the civil service. The same thing happens when Bob realizes that he had unknowingly sp oken to his old friend. When Bob is handed the letter from his friend, his hand is steady but â€Å"trembles a little by the time he has finished.† (Porter) This clearly shows that the concerned men wished they had kept quiet when they had the opportunity but now it is hard to do so and they have to live with the consequences. In both instances, the realization of the truth ends the story and leaves the audience guessing what the outcome could have been had the situation not have been reversed. (Chekhov)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Use of Reversal Technique in Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion In the short stories, Fat and Thin and After Twenty Years, Chekhov and O’Brien use the reversal technique to change the tone of the characters and to give a new direction to their stories. In both stories, some characters are busy outlining their success stories but they are forced to abruptly cut down their speech upon learning that the other person is more powerful than they are or is in a place of more influence. This makes them wish that they had kept quiet when they had a chance to do so but by this time, they already have said too much to take it back or simply they are not given a chance to do so. Works Cited Chekhov, Anton. Fat and Thin, 1883. Web. http://lukianpovorotov.narod.ru/Folder_Chekhov/fat_and_thin.htm Porter, William. After Twenty Years, n.d. Web. This essay on Use of Reversal Technique in Literature was written and submitted by user Pamela Conner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.